In July 2016, United States lawmakers met with former Immigration and Customs Enforcement Deputy Director Daniel Ragsdale. He told them about the rules for expelling a foreign national. “Two things are generally required,” Ragsdale said. They are “an administrative final order of removal, and a travel document issued by a foreign government.” An order of removal is also called a deportation order. Of the two, the travel document is the hardest to get. Travel documents can be permission from the deportees country or a legal passport. But both require cooperation from countries. Usually, there are written repatriation agreements. They describe how foreigners are to be returned to their home country. But often a deportation is done without planning, on what Leon Fresco calls an “ad-hoc” basis.