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<div id='article-page'><div id='article-content' data-media-url='//news-app-staging.s3.amazonaws.com' data-base-url='//news-app-staging.herokuapp.com' data-sound-name='https://news-app-production.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/2617/big_brains.m4a' data-capture-url='//staging.analytics.lingraphica.com/events/capture_news' data-article-title='Scientists Identify Genes Behind Humans' Big Brains' data-article-id='3146'><script src='//news-app-staging.herokuapp.com/javascripts/getscripts.js'></script><link rel='stylesheet' href='//news-app-staging.herokuapp.com/stylesheets/article.css' type='text/css' /><div class='article'><p><span data-start-time='0' data-end-time='10521'>Scientists have identified three genes that may have played an important part in a major development in human evolution.</span> <span data-start-time='10521' data-end-time='19979'>The genes are being linked to the increase in brain size that took place in ancestors of human beings.</span> <span data-start-time='19979' data-end-time='28333'>This increase led to the development of mental abilities that define what it means to be human.</span> <span data-start-time='28333' data-end-time='36896'>Researchers published two reports on their observations of the genes in the publication Cell in late May.</span> <span data-start-time='36896' data-end-time='44604'>The researchers believe the genes first appeared between three and four million years ago.</span> <span data-start-time='44604' data-end-time='55604'>This was just before a period in the fossil record that shows a major brain enlargement in the species from which humans evolved.</span> <span data-start-time='55604' data-end-time='60917'>The three genes share almost the exact same qualities.</span> <span data-start-time='60917' data-end-time='70604'>Along with a fourth one that seems to serve no purpose, they are called NOTCH2NL genes.</span> <span data-start-time='70604' data-end-time='78000'>They came from a gene family believed to have developed hundreds of millions of years ago.</span> <span data-start-time='78000' data-end-time='83000'>They are also important in the development of embryos.</span> </p></div><div class='control-buttons-sticky' style='display:none;'><div class='control-buttons'><button title='Back' class='back' disabled='disabled'></button><button title='Play' class='play' disabled='disabled'></button><button title='Pause' class='pause' style='display:none;'></button><button title='Forward' class='forward' disabled='disabled'></button><button class='finished-reading' style='display:none;'>Done</button></div></div></div><div id='article-media'><div id='media-image'><img src='https://news-app-production.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/2617/big_brains.jpg'/></div></div><div id='question-content' style='display:none;'><div class='vocabulary_question question-container' data-question-id=10924 data-hint-location='44604' style='display:none;'><div class='question' data-sound-name='https://news-app-production.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/2617/what_does_evolve_mean.m4a'>What does evolve mean?</div><div class='choices' data-correct-choice='change over time'><div class='choice' data-sound-name='https://news-app-production.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/2617/serve_no_purpose.m4a'><span>serve no purpose</span></div><div class='choice' data-sound-name='https://news-app-production.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/2617/genetic_research.m4a'><span>genetic research</span></div><div class='choice' data-sound-name='https://news-app-production.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/2617/change_over_time.m4a'><span>change over time</span></div><div class='choice' data-sound-name='https://news-app-production.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/2617/increased_brain_size.m4a'><span>increased brain size</span></div></div></div><div class='multiple_choice_question question-container' data-question-id=10925 data-hint-location='28333' style='display:none;'><div class='question' data-sound-name='https://news-app-production.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/2617/what_is_the_name_of_the_publication.m4a'>What is the name of the publication?</div><div class='choices' data-correct-choice='Cell'><div class='choice' data-sound-name='https://news-app-production.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/2617/cell.m4a'><span>Cell</span></div><div class='choice' data-sound-name='https://news-app-production.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/2617/brain.m4a'><span>Brain</span></div><div class='choice' data-sound-name='https://news-app-production.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/2617/science.m4a'><span>Science</span></div><div class='choice' data-sound-name='https://news-app-production.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/2617/fossil.m4a'><span>Fossil</span></div></div></div><div class='sentence_completion_question question-container' data-question-id=10926 data-hint-location='19979' style='display:none;'><div class='question' data-sound-name='https://news-app-production.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/2617/this_led_to_the_development_of__blank_.m4a'>This led to the development of <span class='blank'>mental abilities</span>.</div><div class='choices' data-correct-choice='mental abilities'><div class='choice' data-sound-name='https://news-app-production.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/2617/published_reports.m4a'><span>published reports</span></div><div class='choice' data-sound-name='https://news-app-production.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/2617/mental_abilities.m4a'><span>mental abilities</span></div><div class='choice' data-sound-name='https://news-app-production.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/2617/fossil_discovery.m4a'><span>fossil discovery</span></div><div class='choice' data-sound-name='https://news-app-production.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/2617/human_beings.m4a'><span>human beings</span></div></div></div><div class='question-buttons'><button class='skip-button'></button><button class='hint-button'></button><button 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