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<div id='article-page'><div id='article-content' data-media-url='//news-app-staging.s3.amazonaws.com' data-base-url='//news-app-staging.herokuapp.com' data-sound-name='https://news-app-production.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/5051/A.wav' data-capture-url='//staging.analytics.lingraphica.com/events/capture_news' data-article-title='Study: Icy Clouds May Have Permitted Flowing Water on Mars' data-article-id='5615'><script src='//news-app-staging.herokuapp.com/javascripts/getscripts.js'></script><link rel='stylesheet' href='//news-app-staging.herokuapp.com/stylesheets/article.css' type='text/css' /><div class='article'><p><span data-start-time='0' data-end-time='13667'>A new study suggests icy clouds above early Mars could have provided the warmth to permit flowing water on the Red Planet.</span> <span data-start-time='13667' data-end-time='27688'>American researchers used a computer model to predict that icy clouds in the Mars atmosphere may have created a greenhouse effect. </span> <span data-start-time='27688' data-end-time='39625'>Earth also experiences a greenhouse effect, which happens when gases in the atmosphere trap in heat from the sun.</span> <span data-start-time='39625' data-end-time='45083'>Today, Mars enjoys a cold, desert climate. </span> <span data-start-time='45083' data-end-time='55938'>Any existing water is believed to be in the form of ice because of the planet&rsquo;s extremely cold temperatures. </span> <span data-start-time='55938' data-end-time='68188'>There is, however, a rich amount of evidence suggesting that rivers, lakes and even oceans once existed on Mars.</span> <span data-start-time='68188' data-end-time='82896'>In fact, scientists announced in February they had created a new map designed to identify the best sources of water ice on Mars.</span> <span data-start-time='82896' data-end-time='98313'>Scientists have long sought to explain what made it possible for Mars to have the large rivers and lakes they believe existed in the planet&rsquo;s ancient past.</span> <span data-start-time='98313' data-end-time='107729'>Researchers involved in the latest study were interested in coming up with a possible explanation. </span> <span data-start-time='107729' data-end-time='115917'>They created a three-dimensional, or 3D, model of the Martian atmosphere.</span> <span data-start-time='115917' data-end-time='125875'>The study was led by Edwin Kite, a professor and planetary scientist at the University of Chicago. </span> <span data-start-time='125875' data-end-time='137646'>He said the research resulted in a major discovery  that ice on the surface of Mars likely caused the greenhouse effect. </span> <span data-start-time='137646' data-end-time='145979'>The study was recently published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.</span> </p></div><div class='control-buttons-sticky' style='display:none;'><div class='control-buttons'><button title='Back' class='back' disabled='disabled'></button><button title='Play' class='play' disabled='disabled'></button><button title='Pause' class='pause' style='display:none;'></button><button title='Forward' class='forward' disabled='disabled'></button><button class='finished-reading' style='display:none;'>Done</button></div></div></div><div id='article-media'><div id='media-image'><img src='https://news-app-production.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/5051/A.jpg'/></div></div><div id='question-content' style='display:none;'><div class='vocabulary_question question-container' data-question-id=17347 data-hint-location='39625' style='display:none;'><div class='question' data-sound-name='https://news-app-production.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/5051/what_is_a_climate.wav'>What is a climate?</div><div class='choices' data-correct-choice='The weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period'><div class='choice' data-sound-name='https://news-app-production.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/5051/the_weather_conditions_prevailing_in_an_area_in_general_or_over_a_long_period.wav'><span>The weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period</span></div><div class='choice' data-sound-name='https://news-app-production.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/5051/the_daytoday_changes_in_rain_or_sunshine.wav'><span>The day-to-day changes in rain or sunshine</span></div><div class='choice' data-sound-name='https://news-app-production.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/5051/relating_to_the_biodiversity_of_a_planet.wav'><span>Relating to the biodiversity of a planet</span></div><div class='choice' data-sound-name='https://news-app-production.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/5051/someone_who_scales_mountain_tops.wav'><span>Someone who scales mountain tops</span></div></div></div><div class='multiple_choice_question question-container' data-question-id=17348 data-hint-location='125875' style='display:none;'><div class='question' data-sound-name='https://news-app-production.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/5051/what_likely_caused_the_greenhouse_effect_on_mars.wav'>What likely caused the greenhouse effect on Mars?</div><div class='choices' data-correct-choice='Ice'><div class='choice' data-sound-name='https://news-app-production.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/5051/ice.wav'><span>Ice</span></div><div class='choice' data-sound-name='https://news-app-production.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/5051/methane.wav'><span>Methane</span></div><div class='choice' data-sound-name='https://news-app-production.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/5051/plutonium.wav'><span>Plutonium</span></div><div class='choice' data-sound-name='https://news-app-production.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/5051/aliens.wav'><span>Aliens</span></div></div></div><div class='sentence_completion_question question-container' data-question-id=17349 data-hint-location='55938' style='display:none;'><div class='question' data-sound-name='https://news-app-production.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/5051/there_is_however_a_rich_amount_of_evidence_suggesting_that_rivers_lakes_and_even__blank__once_existed_on_mars.wav'>There is, however, a rich amount of evidence suggesting that rivers, lakes and even <span class='blank'>oceans</span> once existed on Mars.</div><div class='choices' data-correct-choice='oceans'><div class='choice' data-sound-name='https://news-app-production.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/5051/oceans.wav'><span>oceans</span></div><div class='choice' data-sound-name='https://news-app-production.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/5051/mammals.wav'><span>mammals</span></div><div class='choice' data-sound-name='https://news-app-production.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/5051/swamps.wav'><span>swamps</span></div><div class='choice' data-sound-name='https://news-app-production.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/5051/dinosaurs.wav'><span>dinosaurs</span></div></div></div><div class='question-buttons'><button 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